贵州省建设救灾物资储备网络 建成7个救灾物资储备库

Related articles

• Nvidia
• Hardware video acceleration

GPGPU stands for General-purpose computing on graphics processing units.

OpenCL

OpenCL (Open Computing Language) is an open, royalty-free parallel programming specification developed by the Khronos Group, a non-profit consortium.

The OpenCL specification describes a programming language, a general environment that is required to be present, and a C API to enable programmers to call into this environment.

Tip The clinfo utility can be used to list OpenCL platforms, devices present and ICD loader properties.

Runtime

To execute programs that use OpenCL, a compatible hardware runtime needs to be installed.

AMD/ATI

• opencl-mesa: OpenCL support with rusticl for mesa drivers
• rocm-opencl-runtime: Part of AMD's ROCm GPU compute stack, officially supporting a small range of GPU models (other cards may work with unofficial or partial support). To support cards older than Vega, you need to set the runtime variable ROC_ENABLE_PRE_VEGA=1. This is similar, but not quite equivalent to specifying opencl=rocr in ubuntu's amdgpu-install, because this package's rocm version differs from ubuntu's installer version.
• opencl-legacy-amdgpu-pro^AUR: Legacy Orca OpenCL repackaged from AMD's ubuntu releases. Equivalent to specifying opencl=legacy in ubuntu's amdgpu-install.
• opencl-amd^AUR, opencl-amd-dev^AUR: ROCm components repackaged from AMD's Ubuntu releases. Equivalent to specifying opencl=rocr,legacy in ubuntu's amdgpu-install.
• amdapp-sdk^AUR: AMD CPU runtime

NVIDIA

• opencl-mesa: OpenCL support with rusticl for mesa drivers
• opencl-nvidia: official NVIDIA runtime

Intel

• intel-compute-runtime: a.k.a. the Neo OpenCL runtime, the open-source implementation for Intel HD Graphics GPU on Gen12 (Alder Lake) and beyond.
• intel-compute-runtime-legacy^AUR: same as above only for Gen11(Rocket Lake) and lower
• opencl-mesa: OpenCL support with rusticl for mesa drivers
• beignet^AUR: the open-source implementation for Intel HD Graphics GPU on Gen7 (Ivy Bridge) and beyond, deprecated by Intel in favour of NEO OpenCL driver, remains recommended solution for legacy hardware platforms (e.g. Ivy Bridge, Haswell).
• intel-opencl^AUR: the proprietary implementation for Intel HD Graphics GPU on Gen7 (Ivy Bridge) and beyond, deprecated by Intel in favour of NEO OpenCL driver, remains recommended solution for legacy hardware platforms (e.g. Ivy Bridge, Haswell).
• intel-opencl-runtime^AUR: the implementation for Intel Core and Xeon processors. It also supports non-Intel CPUs.

Others

• pocl: LLVM-based OpenCL implementation (hardware independent)

There is compiler and translator enable OpenCL applications to be run over a Vulkan run-time.

• clspv-git^AUR: Clspv is a prototype compiler for a subset of OpenCL C to Vulkan compute shaders.
• clvk-git^AUR: clvk is a prototype implementation of OpenCL 3.0 on top of Vulkan using clspv as the compiler.
• xrt-bin^AUR: Xilinx Run Time for FPGA xrt
• fpga-runtime-for-opencl:FPGA Runtime

32-bit runtime

To execute 32-bit programs that use OpenCL, a compatible hardware 32-bit runtime needs to be installed.

Tip The clinfo utility can only be used to list 64-bit OpenCL platforms, devices present and ICD loader properties. for 32-bit you need to compile clinfo for 32-bit or use the 32-bit clinfo from the archlinux32 project.

AMD/ATI

• lib32-opencl-mesa: OpenCL support for AMD/ATI Radeon mesa drivers (32-bit)

NVIDIA

• lib32-opencl-nvidia: OpenCL implemention for NVIDIA (32-bit)

ICD loader (libOpenCL.so)

The OpenCL ICD loader is supposed to be a platform-agnostic library that provides the means to load device-specific drivers through the OpenCL API. Most OpenCL vendors provide their own implementation of an OpenCL ICD loader, and these should all work with the other vendors' OpenCL implementations. Unfortunately, most vendors do not provide completely up-to-date ICD loaders, and therefore Arch Linux has decided to provide this library from a separate project (ocl-icd) which currently provides a functioning implementation of the current OpenCL API.

The other ICD loader libraries are installed as part of each vendor's SDK. If you want to ensure the ICD loader from the ocl-icd package is used, you can create a file in /etc/ld.so.conf.d which adds /usr/lib to the dynamic program loader's search directories:

/etc/ld.so.conf.d/00-usrlib.conf

/usr/lib

This is necessary because all the SDKs add their runtime's lib directories to the search path through ld.so.conf.d files.

The available packages containing various OpenCL ICDs are:

• ocl-icd: recommended, most up-to-date
• intel-opencl^AUR by Intel. Provides OpenCL 2.0, deprecated in favour of intel-compute-runtime.

Note ICD Loader's vendor is mentioned only to identify each loader, it is otherwise completely irrelevant. ICD loaders are vendor-agnostic and may be used interchangeably (as long as they are implemented correctly).

Development

For OpenCL development, the bare minimum additional packages required, are:

• ocl-icd: OpenCL ICD loader implementation, up to date with the latest OpenCL specification.
• opencl-headers: OpenCL C/C++ API headers.

The vendors' SDKs provide a multitude of tools and support libraries:

• intel-opencl-sdk^AUR: Intel OpenCL SDK (old version, new OpenCL SDKs are included in the INDE and Intel Media Server Studio)
• amdapp-sdk^AUR: This package is installed as /opt/AMDAPP and apart from SDK files it also contains a number of code samples (/opt/AMDAPP/SDK/samples/). It also provides the clinfo utility which lists OpenCL platforms and devices present in the system and displays detailed information about them. As the SDK itself contains a CPU OpenCL driver, no extra driver is needed to execute OpenCL on CPU devices (regardless of its vendor).
• cuda: Nvidia's GPU SDK which includes support for OpenCL 3.0.

Implementations

To see which OpenCL implementations are currently active on your system, use the following command:

$ ls /etc/OpenCL/vendors

To find out all possible (known) properties of the OpenCL platform and devices available on the system, install clinfo.

You can specify which implementations should your application see using ocl-icd-choose^AUR. For example:

$ ocl-icd-choose amdocl64.icd:mesa.icd davinci-resolve-checker

Rusticl

Rusticl is a new OpenCL implementation written in Rust provided by opencl-mesa. It can be enabled by using the environment variable RUSTICL_ENABLE=driver, where driver is a Gallium driver, such as radeonsi or iris.

Optionally, if OpenCL applications still do not detect Rusticl, use the following environment variable:

OCL_ICD_VENDORS=/etc/OpenCL/vendors/rusticl.icd

Language bindings

• JavaScript/HTML5: WebCL
• Python: python-pyopencl
• D: cl4d or DCompute
• Java: Aparapi or JOCL (a part of JogAmp)
• Mono/.NET: Open Toolkit
• Go: OpenCL bindings for Go
• Racket: Racket has a native interface on PLaneT that can be installed via raco.
• Rust: ocl
• Julia: OpenCL.jl

SYCL

According to Wikipedia:SYCL:

SYCL is a higher-level programming model to improve programming productivity on various hardware accelerators. It is a single-source embedded domain-specific language (eDSL) based on pure C++17.

SYCL is a royalty-free, cross-platform abstraction layer that builds on the underlying concepts, portability and efficiency inspired by OpenCL that enables code for heterogeneous processors to be written in a “single-source” style using completely standard C++. SYCL enables single-source development where C++ template functions can contain both host and device code to construct complex algorithms that use hardware accelerators, and then re-use them throughout their source code on different types of data.

While the SYCL standard started as the higher-level programming model sub-group of the OpenCL working group and was originally developed for use with OpenCL and SPIR, SYCL is a Khronos Group workgroup independent from the OpenCL working group since September 20, 2019 and starting with SYCL 2020, SYCL has been generalized as a more general heterogeneous framework able to target other systems. This is now possible with the concept of a generic backend to target any acceleration API while enabling full interoperability with the target API, like using existing native libraries to reach the maximum performance along with simplifying the programming effort. For example, the Open SYCL implementation targets ROCm and CUDA via AMD's cross-vendor HIP.

Implementations

• computecpp^AUR Codeplay's proprietary implementation of SYCL 1.2.1. Can target SPIR, SPIR-V and experimentally PTX (NVIDIA) as device targets (ends of support on 1st september 2023, will get merged into intel llvm implementation Source).
• trisycl-git^AUR: Open source implementation mainly driven by Xilinx.
• adaptivecpp^AUR: Compiler for multiple programming models (SYCL, C++ standard parallelism, HIP/CUDA) for CPUs and GPUs from all vendors.
• intel-oneapi-dpcpp-cpp: Intel's Data Parallel C++: the oneAPI Implementation of SYCL.

oneAPI

The package provides /opt/intel/oneapi/setvars.sh that can be used to set up the environment for compilation and linking of SYCL programs. Note that installing intel-oneapi-mkl-sycl is required for GPU offloading of the Math Kernel Library (MKL) to be supported.

Checking for SPIR support

Most SYCL implementations are able to compile the accelerator code to SPIR or SPIR-V. Both are intermediate languages designed by Khronos that can be consumed by an OpenCL driver. To check whether SPIR or SPIR-V are supported clinfo can be used:

$ clinfo | grep -i spir

Platform Extensions                             cl_khr_icd cl_khr_global_int32_base_atomics cl_khr_global_int32_extended_atomics cl_khr_local_int32_base_atomics cl_khr_local_int32_extended_atomics cl_khr_byte_addressable_store cl_khr_depth_images cl_khr_3d_image_writes cl_intel_exec_by_local_thread cl_khr_spir cl_khr_fp64 cl_khr_image2d_from_buffer cl_intel_vec_len_hint 
  IL version                                    SPIR-V_1.0
  SPIR versions                                 1.2

ComputeCpp additionally ships with a tool that summarizes the relevant system information:

$ computecpp_info

Device 0:

  Device is supported                     : UNTESTED - Untested OS
  CL_DEVICE_NAME                          : Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4770K CPU @ 3.50GHz
  CL_DEVICE_VENDOR                        : Intel(R) Corporation
  CL_DRIVER_VERSION                       : 18.1.0.0920
  CL_DEVICE_TYPE                          : CL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU 

Drivers known to at least partially support SPIR or SPIR-V include intel-compute-runtime, intel-opencl-runtime^AUR, pocl and amdgpu-pro-opencl^{AUR[broken link: package not found]}.

Development

SYCL requires a working C++11 environment to be set up. There are a few open source libraries available:

• ComputeCpp SDK: Collection of code examples, cmake integration for ComputeCpp
• SYCL-DNN: Neural network performance primitives
• SYCL-BLAS: Linear algebra performance primitives
• VisionCpp: Computer Vision library
• SYCL Parallel STL: GPU implementation of the C++17 parallel algorithms

CUDA

CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) is NVIDIA's proprietary, closed-source parallel computing architecture and framework. It requires an NVIDIA GPU, and consists of several components:

• Required:
  • Proprietary NVIDIA kernel module
  • CUDA "driver" and "runtime" libraries
• Optional:
  • Additional libraries: CUBLAS, CUFFT, CUSPARSE, etc.
  • CUDA toolkit, including the nvcc compiler
  • CUDA SDK, which contains many code samples and examples of CUDA and OpenCL programs

The kernel module and CUDA "driver" library are shipped in nvidia and opencl-nvidia. The "runtime" library and the rest of the CUDA toolkit are available in cuda. cuda-gdb needs ncurses5-compat-libs^AUR to be installed, see FS#46598.

Development

The cuda package installs all components in the directory /opt/cuda. The script in /etc/profile.d/cuda.sh sets the relevant environment variables so all build systems that support CUDA can find it.

To find whether the installation was successful and whether CUDA is up and running, you can compile the CUDA samples. One way to check the installation is to run the deviceQuery sample.

Language bindings

• Fortran: PGI CUDA Fortran Compiler
• Haskell: The accelerate package lists available CUDA backends
• Java: JCuda
• Mathematica: CUDAlink
• Mono/.NET: CUDAfy.NET, managedCuda
• Perl: KappaCUDA, CUDA-Minimal
• Python: python-pycuda
• Ruby: rbcuda
• Rust: Rust-CUDA. Unmaintained: cuda-sys (bindings), RustaCUDA (high-level wrapper).

ROCm

ROCm (Radeon Open Compute) is AMD's open-source parallel computing architecture and framework. Although it requires an AMD GPU some ROCm tools are hardware agnostic. See the ROCm for Arch Linux repository for more information.

• rocm-hip-sdk: Develop applications using HIP and libraries for AMD platforms.
• rocm-opencl-sdk: Develop OpenCL-based applications for AMD platforms.

HIP

The Heterogeneous Interface for Portability (HIP) is AMD's dedicated GPU programming environment for designing high performance kernels on GPU hardware. HIP is a C++ runtime API and programming language that allows developers to create portable applications on different platforms.

• rocm-hip-runtime: The base runtime, packages to run HIP applications on the AMD platform.
• hip-runtime-amd: The Heterogeneous Interface for AMDGPUs in ROCm. Supports GPUs from the polaris architecture (RX 500 series) till AMD's latest RDNA 2 architecture (RX 6000 series)
• miopen-hip: AMD's open source deep learning library with HIP backend.
• hip-runtime-nvidia: The Heterogeneous Interface for NVIDIA GPUs in ROCm.

Tip More information about using HIP with Blender is available there.

OpenMP

The openmp-extras^AUR package provides AOMP - an open source Clang/LLVM based compiler with added support for the OpenMP API on AMD GPUs.

OpenCL

The rocm-opencl-runtime package is the part of the ROCm framework providing an OpenCL runtime.

OpenCL image support

The latest ROCm versions now includes OpenCL Image Support used by GPGPU accelerated software such as Darktable. ROCm with the AMDGPU open source graphics driver are all that is required. AMDGPU PRO is not required.

$ /opt/rocm/bin/clinfo | grep -i "image support"

Image support                                   Yes

Troubleshooting

First check if your GPU shows up in /opt/rocm/bin/rocminfo. If it does not, it might mean that ROCm does not support your GPU or it is built without support for your GPU.

PyTorch

To use PyTorch with ROCm install python-pytorch-rocm

$ python -c 'import torch; print(torch.cuda.is_available())'

True

ROCm pretends to be CUDA so this should return True. If it does not, either it is not compiled with your GPU support or you might have conflicting dependencies. You can verify those by looking at ldd /usr/lib/libtorch.so - there should not be any missing .so files nor multiple versions of same .so.

List of GPGPU accelerated software

• Bitcoin
• Blender – CUDA support for Nvidia GPUs and HIP support for AMD GPUs. More information here.
• BOINC
• FFmpeg – more information here.
• Folding@home
• GIMP – experimental – more information here.
• HandBrake
• Hashcat
• LibreOffice Calc – more information here.
• mpv - See mpv#Hardware video acceleration.
• clinfo – Find all possible (known) properties of the OpenCL platform and devices available on the system.
• cuda_memtest^AUR – a GPU memtest. Despite its name, is supports both CUDA and OpenCL.
• darktable – OpenCL feature requires at least 1 GB RAM on GPU and Image support (check output of clinfo command).
• DaVinci Resolve - a non-linear video editor. Can use both OpenCL and CUDA.
• imagemagick
• lc0^AUR - Used for searching the neural network (supports tensorflow, OpenCL, CUDA, and openblas)
• opencv
• ollama
• pyrit^AUR
• python-pytorch-cuda - PyTorch with CUDA backend
• python-pytorch-rocm - PyTorch with ROCm backend
• tensorflow-cuda - Port of TensorFlow to CUDA
• tensorflow-computecpp^AUR - Port of TensorFlow to SYCL
• xmrig - High Perf CryptoNote CPU and GPU (OpenCL, CUDA) miner

See also

• OpenCL official homepage
• SYCL official homepage
• SPIR official homepage
• CUDA Toolkit homepage
• Intel SDK for OpenCL Applications homepage
• ComputeCpp official homepage
• List of OpenCL frameworks applicable for different GPUs